ERS’s study on cost savings in U.S. apple production is a good look at an industry adjusting to scarcity in labor markets.  Washington State is by far the top producer, and they have long depended on the H2-A visa program for workers—an estimated 50,000 annually--not only for harvest, but for all manner of field operations and processing procedures.   One effort to reduce costs is to build trellised orchards that present a “fruiting wall”.  In this system, ladders and baskets are replaced by a moving platform that travels (slowly) down evenly spaced rows of trees that are shaped carefully to form a veritable wall of fruiting limbs. Current research is devoted to the development of robotic harvest...